Questões de Inglês - AFA | Gabarito e resoluções

(AFA - 2016) THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN FRIENDS AND TYPES OF FRIENDSHIP Everyone has at least one best friend, some maybe even more. There are also those people who are just friends and also arch-enemies. People may think that just because they are your friends it means that they are your best friend. The thing is, even though they are your friend, the relationship between a best friend and a friend is different. Either way regardless of archenemies, friends or best friends, there are not many ways to compare any of these different types of friends, but you can easily contrast them from one another. Arch-enemies often know more about each other than two friends. In a comparison of personal relationships, 1friendship is considered to be closer than association, although a wide range of degrees of intimacy exists in friendships, arch-enemies, and associations. Friendship and association can be thought of as spanning across the same continuum. 2The study of friendship is included in the fields of sociology, social psychology, anthropology, philosophy, and zoology. Even animals have familiars! Various academic theories of friendship have been proposed, among which are social exchange theory, equity theory, relational dialectics, and attachment styles. 3In Russia, one typically bestows very few people the status of friend. These friendships, however, make up in intensity what they lack in number. Friends are entitled to call each other by their first names alone, and to use diminutives. A customary example of polite behavior is addressing acquaintances by full first name plus their patronymic. These could include relationships which elsewhere would be qualified as real friendships, such as workplace relationships of long standing, or neighbors with whom one shares an occasional meal or a social drink with. Also in the Middle East and Central Asia, male friendships, while less restricted than in Russia, tend to be reserved and respectable in nature. They may use nicknames and diminutive forms of their first names. In countries like India, it is believed in some parts that friendship is a form of respect, not born out of fear or superiority. Friends are people who are equal in most standards, but still respect each other regardless of their attributes or shortcomings. Most of the countries previously mentioned (Russia, Asia, and even the Middle East) and even our own nation are suffering a decline in genuine friendships. According to a study documented in the June 2006 issue of the Journal American Sociological Review, Americans are thought to be suffering a loss in the quality and quantity of close friendships since at least 1985. The studys results state that twenty-five percent of 4Americans have no close confidants, and the average total number of confidants per citizen has dropped from four to two. According to the study, 5Americans dependence on family as a safety net went up from fifty-seven percent to eighty percent; Americans dependence on a partner or spouse went up from five percent to nine percent. Recent studies have found a link between fewer friendships, especially in quality, and psychological and physiological regression. In the sequence of the emotional development of the individual, friendships come after parental bonding and before the pair bonding engaged in at the approach of maturity. In the intervening period between the end of early childhood and the onset of full adulthood, friendships are often the most important relationships in the emotional life of the adolescent, and are often more intense than relationships experienced later in life. 6Unfortunately, making friends seems to trouble many of people. Having no friends can be emotionally damaging for all ages, from young children to full grown adults. A study performed by researchers from Purdue University found that post-secondary-education friendships, college and university last longer than the friendships before it. Children with Asperger syndrome and autism usually have some difficulty forming friendships. 7Socially crippling conditions like these are just one way that the social world is so difficult to thrive in. 8This does not mean that they are not able to form friendships, however. With time, moderation and proper instruction, they are able to form friendships after realizing their own strengths and weaknesses. 9There is a number of theories that attempt to explain the link, including that; Good friends encourage their friends to lead more healthy lifestyles; 10Good friends encourage their friends to seek help and access services, when needed; 11Good friends enhance their friends 12coping skills in dealing with illness and other health problems; and/or Good friends actually affect physiological pathways that are protective of health. Regardless of what we think, we can clearly see that there are some ways that friends, best friends and archenemies are the same, but in the end they are clearly more different. 13Nonetheless we all have every single type in our lives. (Adapted from: http://www.ukessays.com/essays/philosophy/therelationship- between-friends-and-types-of-friendship-philosophyessay. php) Good friends enhance their friends coping skills in dealing with illness and other health problems (lines 88 to 90). The highlighted word has the same meaning as in

(AFA - 2016) THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN FRIENDS AND TYPES OF FRIENDSHIP Everyone has at least one best friend, some maybe even more. There are also those people who are just friends and also arch-enemies. People may think that just because they are your friends it means that they are your best friend. The thing is, even though they are your friend, the relationship between a best friend and a friend is different. Either way regardless of archenemies, friends or best friends, there are not many ways to compare any of these different types of friends, but you can easily contrast them from one another. Arch-enemies often know more about each other than two friends. In a comparison of personal relationships, 1friendship is considered to be closer than association, although a wide range of degrees of intimacy exists in friendships, arch-enemies, and associations. Friendship and association can be thought of as spanning across the same continuum. 2The study of friendship is included in the fields of sociology, social psychology, anthropology, philosophy, and zoology. Even animals have familiars! Various academic theories of friendship have been proposed, among which are social exchange theory, equity theory, relational dialectics, and attachment styles. 3In Russia, one typically bestows very few people the status of friend. These friendships, however, make up in intensity what they lack in number. Friends are entitled to call each other by their first names alone, and to use diminutives. A customary example of polite behavior is addressing acquaintances by full first name plus their patronymic. These could include relationships which elsewhere would be qualified as real friendships, such as workplace relationships of long standing, or neighbors with whom one shares an occasional meal or a social drink with. Also in the Middle East and Central Asia, male friendships, while less restricted than in Russia, tend to be reserved and respectable in nature. They may use nicknames and diminutive forms of their first names. In countries like India, it is believed in some parts that friendship is a form of respect, not born out of fear or superiority. Friends are people who are equal in most standards, but still respect each other regardless of their attributes or shortcomings. Most of the countries previously mentioned (Russia, Asia, and even the Middle East) and even our own nation are suffering a decline in genuine friendships. According to a study documented in the June 2006 issue of the Journal American Sociological Review, Americans are thought to be suffering a loss in the quality and quantity of close friendships since at least 1985. The studys results state that twenty-five percent of 4Americans have no close confidants, and the average total number of confidants per citizen has dropped from four to two. According to the study, 5Americans dependence on family as a safety net went up from fifty-seven percent to eighty percent; Americans dependence on a partner or spouse went up from five percent to nine percent. Recent studies have found a link between fewer friendships, especially in quality, and psychological and physiological regression. In the sequence of the emotional development of the individual, friendships come after parental bonding and before the pair bonding engaged in at the approach of maturity. In the intervening period between the end of early childhood and the onset of full adulthood, friendships are often the most important relationships in the emotional life of the adolescent, and are often more intense than relationships experienced later in life. 6Unfortunately, making friends seems to trouble many of people. Having no friends can be emotionally damaging for all ages, from young children to full grown adults. A study performed by researchers from Purdue University found that post-secondary-education friendships, college and university last longer than the friendships before it. Children with Asperger syndrome and autism usually have some difficulty forming friendships. 7Socially crippling conditions like these are just one way that the social world is so difficult to thrive in. 8This does not mean that they are not able to form friendships, however. With time, moderation and proper instruction, they are able to form friendships after realizing their own strengths and weaknesses. 9There is a number of theories that attempt to explain the link, including that; Good friends encourage their friends to lead more healthy lifestyles; 10Good friends encourage their friends to seek help and access services, when needed; 11Good friends enhance their friends 12coping skills in dealing with illness and other health problems; and/or Good friends actually affect physiological pathways that are protective of health. Regardless of what we think, we can clearly see that there are some ways that friends, best friends and archenemies are the same, but in the end they are clearly more different. 13Nonetheless we all have every single type in our lives. (Adapted from: http://www.ukessays.com/essays/philosophy/therelationship- between-friends-and-types-of-friendship-philosophyessay. php) The expression coping skills (ref. 12) is closest in meaning to

(AFA - 2016) THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN FRIENDS AND TYPES OF FRIENDSHIP Everyone has at least one best friend, some maybe even more. There are also those people who are just friends and also arch-enemies. People may think that just because they are your friends it means that they are your best friend. The thing is, even though they are your friend, the relationship between a best friend and a friend is different. Either way regardless of archenemies, friends or best friends, there are not many ways to compare any of these different types of friends, but you can easily contrast them from one another. Arch-enemies often know more about each other than two friends. In a comparison of personal relationships, friendship is considered to be closer than association, although a wide range of degrees of intimacy exists in friendships, arch-enemies, and associations. Friendship and association can be thought of as spanning across the same continuum. The study of friendship is included in the fields of sociology, social psychology, anthropology, philosophy, and zoology. Even animals have familiars! Various academic theories of friendship have been proposed, among which are social exchange theory, equity theory, relational dialectics, and attachment styles. In Russia, one typically bestows very few people the status of friend. These friendships, however, make up in intensity what they lack in number. Friends are entitled to call each other by their first names alone, and to use diminutives. A customary example of polite behavior is addressing acquaintances by full first name plus their patronymic. These could include relationships which elsewhere would be qualified as real friendships, such as workplace relationships of long standing, or neighbors with whom one shares an occasional meal or a social drink with. Also in the Middle East and Central Asia, male friendships, while less restricted than in Russia, tend to be reserved and respectable in nature. They may use nicknames and diminutive forms of their first names. In countries like India, it is believed in some parts that friendship is a form of respect, not born out of fear or superiority. Friends are people who are equal in most standards, but still respect each other regardless of their attributes or shortcomings. Most of the countries previously mentioned (Russia, Asia, and even the Middle East) and even our own nation are suffering a decline in genuine friendships. According to a study documented in the June 2006 issue of the Journal American Sociological Review, Americans are thought to be suffering a loss in the quality and quantity of close friendships since at least 1985. The studys results state that twenty-five percent of Americans have no close confidants, and the average total number of confidants per citizen has dropped from four to two. According to the study, Americans dependence on family as a safety net went up from fifty-seven percent to eighty percent; Americans dependence on a partner or spouse went up from five percent to nine percent. Recent studies have found a link between fewer friendships, especially in quality, and psychological and physiological regression. In the sequence of the emotional development of the individual, friendships come after parental bonding and before the pair bonding engaged in at the approach of maturity. In the intervening period between the end of early childhood and the onset of full adulthood, friendships are often the most important relationships in the emotional life of the adolescent, and are often more intense than relationships experienced later in life. Unfortunately, making friends seems to trouble many of people. Having no friends can be emotionally damaging for all ages, from young children to full grown adults. A study performed by researchers from Purdue University found that post-secondary-education friendships, college and university last longer than the friendships before it. Children with Asperger syndrome and autism usually have some difficulty forming friendships. Socially crippling conditions like these are just one way that the social world is so difficult to thrive in. This does not mean that they are not able to form friendships, however. With time, moderation and proper instruction, they are able to form friendships after realizing their own strengths and weaknesses. 1There is a number of theories that attempt to explain the link, including that; Good friends encourage their friends to lead more healthy lifestyles; Good friends encourage their friends to seek help and access services, when needed; Good friends enhance their friends coping skills in dealing with illness and other health problems; and/or Good friends actually affect physiological pathways that are protective of health. Regardless of what we think, we can clearly see that there are some ways that friends, best friends and archenemies are the same, but in the end they are clearly more different. Nonetheless we all have every single type in our lives. (Adapted from: http://www.ukessays.com/essays/philosophy/therelationship-between-friends-and-types-of-friendship-philosophyessay.php) In the sentence there is a number of theories that attempt to explain the link (ref. 1), it is possible to find an option to substitute the pronoun accordingly in

(AFA - 2016) THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN FRIENDS AND TYPES OF FRIENDSHIP Everyone has at least one best friend, some maybe even more. There are also those people who are just friends and also arch-enemies. People may think that just because they are your friends it means that they are your best friend. The thing is, even though they are your friend, the relationship between a best friend and a friend is different. Either way regardless of archenemies, friends or best friends, there are not many ways to compare any of these different types of friends, but you can easily contrast them from one another. Arch-enemies often know more about each other than two friends. In a comparison of personal relationships, 1friendship is considered to be closer than association, although a wide range of degrees of intimacy exists in friendships, arch-enemies, and associations. Friendship and association can be thought of as spanning across the same continuum. 2The study of friendship is included in the fields of sociology, social psychology, anthropology, philosophy, and zoology. Even animals have familiars! Various academic theories of friendship have been proposed, among which are social exchange theory, equity theory, relational dialectics, and attachment styles. 3In Russia, one typically bestows very few people the status of friend. These friendships, however, make up in intensity what they lack in number. Friends are entitled to call each other by their first names alone, and to use diminutives. A customary example of polite behavior is addressing acquaintances by full first name plus their patronymic. These could include relationships which elsewhere would be qualified as real friendships, such as workplace relationships of long standing, or neighbors with whom one shares an occasional meal or a social drink with. Also in the Middle East and Central Asia, male friendships, while less restricted than in Russia, tend to be reserved and respectable in nature. They may use nicknames and diminutive forms of their first names. In countries like India, it is believed in some parts that friendship is a form of respect, not born out of fear or superiority. Friends are people who are equal in most standards, but still respect each other regardless of their attributes or shortcomings. Most of the countries previously mentioned (Russia, Asia, and even the Middle East) and even our own nation are suffering a decline in genuine friendships. According to a study documented in the June 2006 issue of the Journal American Sociological Review, Americans are thought to be suffering a loss in the quality and quantity of close friendships since at least 1985. The studys results state that twenty-five percent of 4Americans have no close confidants, and the average total number of confidants per citizen has dropped from four to two. According to the study, 5Americans dependence on family as a safety net went up from fifty-seven percent to eighty percent; Americans dependence on a partner or spouse went up from five percent to nine percent. Recent studies have found a link between fewer friendships, especially in quality, and psychological and physiological regression. In the sequence of the emotional development of the individual, friendships come after parental bonding and before the pair bonding engaged in at the approach of maturity. In the intervening period between the end of early childhood and the onset of full adulthood, friendships are often the most important relationships in the emotional life of the adolescent, and are often more intense than relationships experienced later in life. 6Unfortunately, making friends seems to trouble many of people. Having no friends can be emotionally damaging for all ages, from young children to full grown adults. A study performed by researchers from Purdue University found that post-secondary-education friendships, college and university last longer than the friendships before it. Children with Asperger syndrome and autism usually have some difficulty forming friendships. 7Socially crippling conditions like these are just one way that the social world is so difficult to thrive in. 8This does not mean that they are not able to form friendships, however. With time, moderation and proper instruction, they are able to form friendships after realizing their own strengths and weaknesses. 9There is a number of theories that attempt to explain the link, including that; Good friends encourage their friends to lead more healthy lifestyles; 10Good friends encourage their friends to seek help and access services, when needed; 11Good friends enhance their friends 12coping skills in dealing with illness and other health problems; and/or Good friends actually affect physiological pathways that are protective of health. Regardless of what we think, we can clearly see that there are some ways that friends, best friends and archenemies are the same, but in the end they are clearly more different. 13Nonetheless we all have every single type in our lives. (Adapted from: http://www.ukessays.com/essays/philosophy/therelationship- between-friends-and-types-of-friendship-philosophyessay. php) Choose the option which shows the same kind of comparison in the underlined adjective in friendship is considered to be closer than association (reference 1).

(AFA - 2016) THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN FRIENDS AND TYPES OF FRIENDSHIP Everyone has at least one best friend, some maybe even more. There are also those people who are just friends and also arch-enemies. People may think that just because they are your friends it means that they are your best friend. The thing is, even though they are your friend, the relationship between a best friend and a friend is different. Either way regardless of archenemies, friends or best friends, there are not many ways to compare any of these different types of friends, but you can easily contrast them from one another. Arch-enemies often know more about each other than two friends. In a comparison of personal relationships, friendship is considered to be closer than association, although a wide range of degrees of intimacy exists in friendships, arch-enemies, and associations. Friendship and association can be thought of as spanning across the same continuum. The study of friendship is included in the fields of sociology, social psychology, anthropology, philosophy, and zoology. Even animals have familiars! Various academic theories of friendship have been proposed, among which are social exchange theory, equity theory, relational dialectics, and attachment styles. In Russia, one typically bestows very few people the status of friend. These friendships, however, make up in intensity what they lack in number. Friends are entitled to call each other by their first names alone, and to use diminutives. A customary example of polite behavior is addressing acquaintances by full first name plus their patronymic. These could include relationships which elsewhere would be qualified as real friendships, such as workplace relationships of long standing, or neighbors with whom one shares an occasional meal or a social drink with. Also in the Middle East and Central Asia, male friendships, while less restricted than in Russia, tend to be reserved and respectable in nature. They may use nicknames and diminutive forms of their first names. In countries like India, it is believed in some parts that friendship is a form of respect, not born out of fear or superiority. Friends are people who are equal in most standards, but still respect each other regardless of their attributes or shortcomings. Most of the countries previously mentioned (Russia, Asia, and even the Middle East) and even our own nation are suffering a decline in genuine friendships. According to a study documented in the June 2006 issue of the Journal American Sociological Review, Americans are thought to be suffering a loss in the quality and quantity of close friendships since at least 1985. The studys results state that twenty-five percent of Americans have no close confidants, and the average total number of confidants per citizen has dropped from four to two. According to the study, Americans dependence on family as a safety net went up from fifty-seven percent to eighty percent; Americans dependence on a partner or spouse went up from five percent to nine percent. Recent studies have found a link between fewer friendships, especially in quality, and psychological and physiological regression. In the sequence of the emotional development of the individual, friendships come after parental bonding and before the pair bonding engaged in at the approach of maturity. In the intervening period between the end of early childhood and the onset of full adulthood, friendships are often the most important relationships in the emotional life of the adolescent, and are often more intense than relationships experienced later in life. Unfortunately, making friends seems to trouble many of people. Having no friends can be emotionally damaging for all ages, from young children to full grown adults. A study performed by researchers from Purdue University found that post-secondary-education friendships, college and university last longer than the friendships before it. Children with Asperger syndrome and autism usually have some difficulty forming friendships. Socially crippling conditions like these are just one way that the social world is so difficult to thrive in. This does not mean that they are not able to form friendships, however. With time, moderation and proper instruction, they are able to form friendships after realizing their own strengths and weaknesses. There is a number of theories that attempt to explain the link, including that; Good friends encourage their friends to lead more healthy lifestyles; Good friends encourage their friends to seek help and access services, when needed; Good friends enhance their friends coping skills in dealing with illness and other health problems; and/or Good friends actually affect physiological pathways that are protective of health. Regardless of what we think, we can clearly see that there are some ways that friends, best friends and archenemies are the same, but in the end they are clearly more different. Nonetheless we all have every single type in our lives. (Adapted from: http://www.ukessays.com/essays/philosophy/therelationship-between-friends-and-types-of-friendship-philosophyessay.php) Mark the option that is closest in meaning to Unfortunately making friends seems to trouble many of people (lines 70-71).

(AFA - 2016) THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN FRIENDS AND TYPES OF FRIENDSHIP Everyone has at least one best friend, some maybe even more. There are also those people who are just friends and also arch-enemies. People may think that just because they are your friends it means that they are your best friend. The thing is, even though they are your friend, the relationship between a best friend and a friend is different. Either way regardless of archenemies, friends or best friends, there are not many ways to compare any of these different types of friends, but you can easily contrast them from one another. Arch-enemies often know more about each other than two friends. In a comparison of personal relationships, friendship is considered to be closer than association, although a wide range of degrees of intimacy exists in friendships, arch-enemies, and associations. Friendship and association can be thought of as spanning across the same continuum. The study of friendship is included in the fields of sociology, social psychology, anthropology, philosophy, and zoology. Even animals have familiars! Various academic theories of friendship have been proposed, among which are social exchange theory, equity theory, relational dialectics, and attachment styles. In Russia, one typically bestows very few people the status of friend. These friendships, however, make up in intensity what they lack in number. Friends are entitled to call each other by their first names alone, and to use diminutives. A customary example of polite behavior is addressing acquaintances by full first name plus their patronymic. These could include relationships which elsewhere would be qualified as real friendships, such as workplace relationships of long standing, or neighbors with whom one shares an occasional meal or a social drink with. Also in the Middle East and Central Asia, male friendships, while less restricted than in Russia, tend to be reserved and respectable in nature. They may use nicknames and diminutive forms of their first names. In countries like India, it is believed in some parts that friendship is a form of respect, not born out of fear or superiority. Friends are people who are equal in most standards, but still respect each other regardless of their attributes or shortcomings. Most of the countries previously mentioned (Russia, Asia, and even the Middle East) and even our own nation are suffering a decline in genuine friendships. According to a study documented in the June 2006 issue of the Journal American Sociological Review, Americans are thought to be suffering a loss in the quality and quantity of close friendships since at least 1985. The studys results state that twenty-five percent of Americans have no close confidants, and the average total number of confidants per citizen has dropped from four to two. According to the study, Americans dependence on family as a safety net went up from fifty-seven percent to eighty percent; Americans dependence on a partner or spouse went up from five percent to nine percent. Recent studies have found a link between fewer friendships, especially in quality, and psychological and physiological regression. In the sequence of the emotional development of the individual, friendships come after parental bonding and before the pair bonding engaged in at the approach of maturity. In the intervening period between the end of early childhood and the onset of full adulthood, friendships are often the most important relationships in the emotional life of the adolescent, and are often more intense than relationships experienced later in life. Unfortunately, making friends seems to trouble many of people. Having no friends can be emotionally damaging for all ages, from young children to full grown adults. A study performed by researchers from Purdue University found that post-secondary-education friendships, college and university last longer than the friendships before it. Children with Asperger syndrome and autism usually have some difficulty forming friendships. Socially crippling conditions like these are just one way that the social world is so difficult to thrive in. This does not mean that they are not able to form friendships, however. With time, moderation and proper instruction, they are able to form friendships after realizing their own strengths and weaknesses. There is a number of theories that attempt to explain the link, including that; Good friends encourage their friends to lead more healthy lifestyles; Good friends encourage their friends to seek help and access services, when needed; Good friends enhance their friends coping skills in dealing with illness and other health problems; and/or Good friends actually affect physiological pathways that are protective of health. Regardless of what we think, we can clearly see that there are some ways that friends, best friends and archenemies are the same, but in the end they are clearly more different. Nonetheless we all have every single type in our lives. (Adapted from: http://www.ukessays.com/essays/philosophy/therelationship-between-friends-and-types-of-friendship-philosophyessay.php) Choose the best option to complete the active form of the sentence: The study of friendship is included in the fields of sociology, social psychology, anthropology, philosophy, and zoology (lines 17 to 19). The fields of sociology, social psychology, anthropology, philosophy, and zoology ______________ the study of friendship.

(AFA - 2016) THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN FRIENDS AND TYPES OF FRIENDSHIP Everyone has at least one best friend, some maybe even more. There are also those people who are just friends and also arch-enemies. People may think that just because they are your friends it means that they are your best friend. The thing is, even though they are your friend, the relationship between a best friend and a friend is different. Either way regardless of archenemies, friends or best friends, there are not many ways to compare any of these different types of friends, but you can easily contrast them from one another. Arch-enemies often know more about each other than two friends. In a comparison of personal relationships, 1friendship is considered to be closer than association, although a wide range of degrees of intimacy exists in friendships, arch-enemies, and associations. Friendship and association can be thought of as spanning across the same continuum. 2The study of friendship is included in the fields of sociology, social psychology, anthropology, philosophy, and zoology. Even animals have familiars! Various academic theories of friendship have been proposed, among which are social exchange theory, equity theory, relational dialectics, and attachment styles. 3In Russia, one typically bestows very few people the status of friend. These friendships, however, make up in intensity what they lack in number. Friends are entitled to call each other by their first names alone, and to use diminutives. A customary example of polite behavior is addressing acquaintances by full first name plus their patronymic. These could include relationships which elsewhere would be qualified as real friendships, such as workplace relationships of long standing, or neighbors with whom one shares an occasional meal or a social drink with. Also in the Middle East and Central Asia, male friendships, while less restricted than in Russia, tend to be reserved and respectable in nature. They may use nicknames and diminutive forms of their first names. In countries like India, it is believed in some parts that friendship is a form of respect, not born out of fear or superiority. Friends are people who are equal in most standards, but still respect each other regardless of their attributes or shortcomings. Most of the countries previously mentioned (Russia, Asia, and even the Middle East) and even our own nation are suffering a decline in genuine friendships. According to a study documented in the June 2006 issue of the Journal American Sociological Review, Americans are thought to be suffering a loss in the quality and quantity of close friendships since at least 1985. The studys results state that twenty-five percent of 4Americans have no close confidants, and the average total number of confidants per citizen has dropped from four to two. According to the study, 5Americans dependence on family as a safety net went up from fifty-seven percent to eighty percent; Americans dependence on a partner or spouse went up from five percent to nine percent. Recent studies have found a link between fewer friendships, especially in quality, and psychological and physiological regression. In the sequence of the emotional development of the individual, friendships come after parental bonding and before the pair bonding engaged in at the approach of maturity. In the intervening period between the end of early childhood and the onset of full adulthood, friendships are often the most important relationships in the emotional life of the adolescent, and are often more intense than relationships experienced later in life. 6Unfortunately, making friends seems to trouble many of people. Having no friends can be emotionally damaging for all ages, from young children to full grown adults. A study performed by researchers from Purdue University found that post-secondary-education friendships, college and university last longer than the friendships before it. Children with Asperger syndrome and autism usually have some difficulty forming friendships. 7Socially crippling conditions like these are just one way that the social world is so difficult to thrive in. 8This does not mean that they are not able to form friendships, however. With time, moderation and proper instruction, they are able to form friendships after realizing their own strengths and weaknesses. 9There is a number of theories that attempt to explain the link, including that; Good friends encourage their friends to lead more healthy lifestyles; 10Good friends encourage their friends to seek help and access services, when needed; 11Good friends enhance their friends 12coping skills in dealing with illness and other health problems; and/or Good friends actually affect physiological pathways that are protective of health. Regardless of what we think, we can clearly see that there are some ways that friends, best friends and archenemies are the same, but in the end they are clearly more different. 13Nonetheless we all have every single type in our lives. (Adapted from: http://www.ukessays.com/essays/philosophy/therelationship- between-friends-and-types-of-friendship-philosophyessay. php) Mark the option which shows the same meaning as in Americans dependence on family (reference 5).

(AFA - 2016) THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN FRIENDS AND TYPES OF FRIENDSHIP Everyone has at least one best friend, some maybe even more. There are also those people who are just friends and also arch-enemies. People may think that just because they are your friends it means that they are your best friend. The thing is, even though they are your friend, the relationship between a best friend and a friend is different. Either way regardless of archenemies, friends or best friends, there are not many ways to compare any of these different types of friends, but you can easily contrast them from one another. Arch-enemies often know more about each other than two friends. In a comparison of personal relationships, 1friendship is considered to be closer than association, although a wide range of degrees of intimacy exists in friendships, arch-enemies, and associations. Friendship and association can be thought of as spanning across the same continuum. 2The study of friendship is included in the fields of sociology, social psychology, anthropology, philosophy, and zoology. Even animals have familiars! Various academic theories of friendship have been proposed, among which are social exchange theory, equity theory, relational dialectics, and attachment styles. 3In Russia, one typically bestows very few people the status of friend. These friendships, however, make up in intensity what they lack in number. Friends are entitled to call each other by their first names alone, and to use diminutives. A customary example of polite behavior is addressing acquaintances by full first name plus their patronymic. These could include relationships which elsewhere would be qualified as real friendships, such as workplace relationships of long standing, or neighbors with whom one shares an occasional meal or a social drink with. Also in the Middle East and Central Asia, male friendships, while less restricted than in Russia, tend to be reserved and respectable in nature. They may use nicknames and diminutive forms of their first names. In countries like India, it is believed in some parts that friendship is a form of respect, not born out of fear or superiority. Friends are people who are equal in most standards, but still respect each other regardless of their attributes or shortcomings. Most of the countries previously mentioned (Russia, Asia, and even the Middle East) and even our own nation are suffering a decline in genuine friendships. According to a study documented in the June 2006 issue of the Journal American Sociological Review, Americans are thought to be suffering a loss in the quality and quantity of close friendships since at least 1985. The studys results state that twenty-five percent of 4Americans have no close confidants, and the average total number of confidants per citizen has dropped from four to two. According to the study, 5Americans dependence on family as a safety net went up from fifty-seven percent to eighty percent; Americans dependence on a partner or spouse went up from five percent to nine percent. Recent studies have found a link between fewer friendships, especially in quality, and psychological and physiological regression. In the sequence of the emotional development of the individual, friendships come after parental bonding and before the pair bonding engaged in at the approach of maturity. In the intervening period between the end of early childhood and the onset of full adulthood, friendships are often the most important relationships in the emotional life of the adolescent, and are often more intense than relationships experienced later in life. 6Unfortunately, making friends seems to trouble many of people. Having no friends can be emotionally damaging for all ages, from young children to full grown adults. A study performed by researchers from Purdue University found that post-secondary-education friendships, college and university last longer than the friendships before it. Children with Asperger syndrome and autism usually have some difficulty forming friendships. 7Socially crippling conditions like these are just one way that the social world is so difficult to thrive in. 8This does not mean that they are not able to form friendships, however. With time, moderation and proper instruction, they are able to form friendships after realizing their own strengths and weaknesses. 9There is a number of theories that attempt to explain the link, including that; Good friends encourage their friends to lead more healthy lifestyles; 10Good friends encourage their friends to seek help and access services, when needed; 11Good friends enhance their friends 12coping skills in dealing with illness and other health problems; and/or Good friends actually affect physiological pathways that are protective of health. Regardless of what we think, we can clearly see that there are some ways that friends, best friends and archenemies are the same, but in the end they are clearly more different. 13Nonetheless we all have every single type in our lives. (Adapted from: http://www.ukessays.com/essays/philosophy/therelationship- between-friends-and-types-of-friendship-philosophyessay. php) Mark the option that shows the same meaning as in Americans have no close confidants (reference 4).

(AFA - 2015) TEXT I JOBS AT HIGH RISK It is an invisible force that goes by many names.Computerization. Automation. Artificial intelligence. Technology. Innovation. And, everyones favorite,ROBOTS. Whatever name you prefer, some form of it hasbeen stimulating progress and killing jobs from tailors to paralegals for centuries9. But this time is different:nearly half of American jobs today could be automated in a decade or two. The question is: which half? Another way of posing the same question is:Where do machines work better than people?7Tractors are more powerful than farmers8. Robotic arms are stronger and more tireless than assembly-line workers. But in the past 30 years, software and robots havesucceeded replacing aarticular kind of occupation: the average-wage, middle-skill, routine-heavy worker, especially in manufacturing and office administration. Indeed, its projected that the next wave ofcomputer progress1will continue to endanger humanwork where it already has: manufacturing, administrativesupport, retail, and transportation. Most remaining factory jobs are likely to diminish over the next decades. Cashiers, counter clerks, and telemarketers are similarly endangered. On the other hand, health care workers, people responsible for our safety10, and management positions are the least likely to be automated6. Thenext big thing We might be on the edge of an innovating moment in robotics and artificial intelligence. Although the past 30 years have reduced the middle, high- and low-skill jobs have actually increased, as if protected from the invading armies of robots by their own moats.Higher-skill workers have been protected by a kind ofsocial-intelligence moat. Computers are historically good at executing routines, but theyre bad at finding patterns,communicating with people, and making decisions,which is what managers are paid to do. This is whysome people think managersare, for the moment, one ofthe largest categories immune to the fast wave of AI. Meanwhile, lower-skill workers have beenprotected by the Moravec moat. Hans Moravec was a futurist who pointed out that machine technology copieda savant infant: Machines could do long math equations instantly and beat anybody in chess, but they cant answer a simple question or walk up a flight of stairs. Asa result, not skilled work done by people without much education (like home health care workers, or fast-foodattendants) have been saved, too. The human half In the 19th century, new manufacturing technology replaced what was then skilled labor. In thesecond half of the 20th century, however, software technology took the place of median-salaried office work.The first wave showed that machines are better at assembling things. The second showed that machinesare better at organizing things. Now data analytics andself-driving cars suggest they might be better at pattern recognition and driving. So what are we better at? The safest industries and jobs are dominated by managers4, health-care workers, and a super-category that includes education, media, and community service.One conclusion to draw from this is that humans are, and will always be, superior at working with, and caringfor other humans11. In this light, automation doesnt makethe world worse. Far from it: it creates new opportunitiesfor human creativity12. But robots are already creeping into diagnostics and surgeries. Schools are already experimenting with software that replaces teaching hours. The fact thatsome industries have been safe from automation for the last three decades3doesnt guarantee that theyll be safefor the next one. It would be anxious enough if we knew exactly which jobs are next in line for automation. The truth is scarier5. We dont really have a clue.2 (Adapted from http://www.businessinsider.com/robots-overtakingamerican-jobs-2014-1) Glossary: savant infant a child with great knowledge and ability to assemble to make something by joining separate parts to creep to move slowly, quietly and carefully One of the purposes of the text is to show that

(AFA - 2015) TEXT I JOBS AT HIGH RISK It is an invisible force that goes by many names.Computerization. Automation. Artificial intelligence. Technology. Innovation. And, everyones favorite,ROBOTS. Whatever name you prefer, some form of it hasbeen stimulating progress and killing jobs from tailors to paralegals for centuries9. But this time is different:nearly half of American jobs today could be automated in a decade or two. The question is: which half? Another way of posing the same question is:Where do machines work better than people?7Tractors are more powerful than farmers8. Robotic arms are stronger and more tireless than assembly-line workers. But in the past 30 years, software and robots havesucceeded replacing aarticular kind of occupation: the average-wage, middle-skill, routine-heavy worker, especially in manufacturing and office administration. Indeed, its projected that the next wave ofcomputer progress1will continue to endanger humanwork where it already has: manufacturing, administrativesupport, retail, and transportation. Most remaining factory jobs are likely to diminish over the next decades. Cashiers, counter clerks, and telemarketers are similarly endangered. On the other hand, health care workers, people responsible for our safety10, and management positions are the least likely to be automated6. Thenext big thing We might be on the edge of an innovating moment in robotics and artificial intelligence. Although the past 30 years have reduced the middle, high- and low-skill jobs have actually increased, as if protected from the invading armies of robots by their own moats.Higher-skill workers have been protected by a kind ofsocial-intelligence moat. Computers are historically good at executing routines, but theyre bad at finding patterns,communicating with people, and making decisions,which is what managers are paid to do. This is whysome people think managersare, for the moment, one ofthe largest categories immune to the fast wave of AI. Meanwhile, lower-skill workers have beenprotected by the Moravec moat. Hans Moravec was a futurist who pointed out that machine technology copieda savant infant: Machines could do long math equations instantly and beat anybody in chess, but they cant answer a simple question or walk up a flight of stairs. Asa result, not skilled work done by people without much education (like home health care workers, or fast-foodattendants) have been saved, too. The human half In the 19th century, new manufacturing technology replaced what was then skilled labor. In thesecond half of the 20th century, however, software technology took the place of median-salaried office work.The first wave showed that machines are better at assembling things. The second showed that machinesare better at organizing things. Now data analytics andself-driving cars suggest they might be better at pattern recognition and driving. So what are we better at? The safest industries and jobs are dominated by managers4, health-care workers, and a super-category that includes education, media, and community service.One conclusion to draw from this is that humans are, and will always be, superior at working with, and caringfor other humans11. In this light, automation doesnt makethe world worse. Far from it: it creates new opportunitiesfor human creativity12. But robots are already creeping into diagnostics and surgeries. Schools are already experimenting with software that replaces teaching hours. The fact thatsome industries have been safe from automation for the last three decades3doesnt guarantee that theyll be safefor the next one. It would be anxious enough if we knew exactly which jobs are next in line for automation. The truth is scarier5. We dont really have a clue.2 (Adapted from http://www.businessinsider.com/robots-overtakingamerican-jobs-2014-1) Glossary: savant infant a child with great knowledge and ability to assemble to make something by joining separate parts to creep to move slowly, quietly and carefully According to the first paragraph, robots can be _____ by many names

(AFA - 2015) TEXT I JOBS AT HIGH RISK It is an invisible force that goes by many names.Computerization. Automation. Artificial intelligence. Technology. Innovation. And, everyones favorite,ROBOTS. Whatever name you prefer, some form of it hasbeen stimulating progress and killing jobs from tailors to paralegals for centuries9. But this time is different:nearly half of American jobs today could be automated in a decade or two. The question is: which half? Another way of posing the same question is:Where do machines work better than people?7Tractors are more powerful than farmers8. Robotic arms are stronger and more tireless than assembly-line workers. But in the past 30 years, software and robots havesucceeded replacing aarticular kind of occupation: the average-wage, middle-skill, routine-heavy worker, especially in manufacturing and office administration. Indeed, its projected that the next wave ofcomputer progress1will continue to endanger humanwork where it already has: manufacturing, administrativesupport, retail, and transportation. Most remaining factory jobs are likely to diminish over the next decades. Cashiers, counter clerks, and telemarketers are similarly endangered. On the other hand, health care workers, people responsible for our safety10, and management positions are the least likely to be automated6. Thenext big thing We might be on the edge of an innovating moment in robotics and artificial intelligence. Although the past 30 years have reduced the middle, high- and low-skill jobs have actually increased, as if protected from the invading armies of robots by their own moats.Higher-skill workers have been protected by a kind ofsocial-intelligence moat. Computers are historically good at executing routines, but theyre bad at finding patterns,communicating with people, and making decisions,which is what managers are paid to do. This is whysome people think managersare, for the moment, one ofthe largest categories immune to the fast wave of AI. Meanwhile, lower-skill workers have beenprotected by the Moravec moat. Hans Moravec was a futurist who pointed out that machine technology copieda savant infant: Machines could do long math equations instantly and beat anybody in chess, but they cant answer a simple question or walk up a flight of stairs. Asa result, not skilled work done by people without much education (like home health care workers, or fast-foodattendants) have been saved, too. The human half In the 19th century, new manufacturing technology replaced what was then skilled labor. In thesecond half of the 20th century, however, software technology took the place of median-salaried office work.The first wave showed that machines are better at assembling things. The second showed that machinesare better at organizing things. Now data analytics andself-driving cars suggest they might be better at pattern recognition and driving. So what are we better at? The safest industries and jobs are dominated by managers4, health-care workers, and a super-category that includes education, media, and community service.One conclusion to draw from this is that humans are, and will always be, superior at working with, and caringfor other humans11. In this light, automation doesnt makethe world worse. Far from it: it creates new opportunitiesfor human creativity12. But robots are already creeping into diagnostics and surgeries. Schools are already experimenting with software that replaces teaching hours. The fact thatsome industries have been safe from automation for the last three decades3doesnt guarantee that theyll be safefor the next one. It would be anxious enough if we knew exactly which jobs are next in line for automation. The truth is scarier5. We dont really have a clue.2 (Adapted from http://www.businessinsider.com/robots-overtakingamerican-jobs-2014-1) Glossary: savant infant a child with great knowledge and ability to assemble to make something by joining separate parts to creep to move slowly, quietly and carefully The expression wave of computer progress (reference 1) has the same idea as

(AFA - 2015) TEXT I JOBS AT HIGH RISK It is an invisible force that goes by many names.Computerization. Automation. Artificial intelligence. Technology. Innovation. And, everyones favorite,ROBOTS. Whatever name you prefer, some form of it hasbeen stimulating progress and killing jobs from tailors to paralegals for centuries9. But this time is different:nearly half of American jobs today could be automated in a decade or two. The question is: which half? Another way of posing the same question is:Where do machines work better than people?7Tractors are more powerful than farmers8. Robotic arms are stronger and more tireless than assembly-line workers. But in the past 30 years, software and robots havesucceeded replacing aarticular kind of occupation: the average-wage, middle-skill, routine-heavy worker, especially in manufacturing and office administration. Indeed, its projected that the next wave ofcomputer progress1will continue to endanger humanwork where it already has: manufacturing, administrativesupport, retail, and transportation. Most remaining factory jobs are likely to diminish over the next decades. Cashiers, counter clerks, and telemarketers are similarly endangered. On the other hand, health care workers, people responsible for our safety10, and management positions are the least likely to be automated6. Thenext big thing We might be on the edge of an innovating moment in robotics and artificial intelligence. Although the past 30 years have reduced the middle, high- and low-skill jobs have actually increased, as if protected from the invading armies of robots by their own moats.Higher-skill workers have been protected by a kind ofsocial-intelligence moat. Computers are historically good at executing routines, but theyre bad at finding patterns,communicating with people, and making decisions,which is what managers are paid to do. This is whysome people think managersare, for the moment, one ofthe largest categories immune to the fast wave of AI. Meanwhile, lower-skill workers have beenprotected by the Moravec moat. Hans Moravec was a futurist who pointed out that machine technology copieda savant infant: Machines could do long math equations instantly and beat anybody in chess, but they cant answer a simple question or walk up a flight of stairs. Asa result, not skilled work done by people without much education (like home health care workers, or fast-foodattendants) have been saved, too. The human half In the 19th century, new manufacturing technology replaced what was then skilled labor. In thesecond half of the 20th century, however, software technology took the place of median-salaried office work.The first wave showed that machines are better at assembling things. The second showed that machinesare better at organizing things. Now data analytics andself-driving cars suggest they might be better at pattern recognition and driving. So what are we better at? The safest industries and jobs are dominated by managers4, health-care workers, and a super-category that includes education, media, and community service.One conclusion to draw from this is that humans are, and will always be, superior at working with, and caringfor other humans11. In this light, automation doesnt makethe world worse. Far from it: it creates new opportunitiesfor human creativity12. But robots are already creeping into diagnostics and surgeries. Schools are already experimenting with software that replaces teaching hours. The fact thatsome industries have been safe from automation for the last three decades3doesnt guarantee that theyll be safefor the next one. It would be anxious enough if we knew exactly which jobs are next in line for automation. The truth is scarier5. We dont really have a clue.2 (Adapted from http://www.businessinsider.com/robots-overtakingamerican-jobs-2014-1) Glossary: savant infant a child with great knowledge and ability to assemble to make something by joining separate parts to creep to move slowly, quietly and carefully In the sentence Hans Moravec was a futurist who pointed out that machine technology copied a savant infant [...] the pronoun who can be replaced, with no change in meaning, by

(AFA - 2015) TEXT I JOBS AT HIGH RISK It is an invisible force that goes by many names.Computerization. Automation. Artificial intelligence. Technology. Innovation. And, everyones favorite,ROBOTS. Whatever name you prefer, some form of it hasbeen stimulating progress and killing jobs from tailors to paralegals for centuries9. But this time is different:nearly half of American jobs today could be automated in a decade or two. The question is: which half? Another way of posing the same question is:Where do machines work better than people?7Tractors are more powerful than farmers8. Robotic arms are stronger and more tireless than assembly-line workers. But in the past 30 years, software and robots havesucceeded replacing aarticular kind of occupation: the average-wage, middle-skill, routine-heavy worker, especially in manufacturing and office administration. Indeed, its projected that the next wave ofcomputer progress1will continue to endanger humanwork where it already has: manufacturing, administrativesupport, retail, and transportation. Most remaining factory jobs are likely to diminish over the next decades. Cashiers, counter clerks, and telemarketers are similarly endangered. On the other hand, health care workers, people responsible for our safety10, and management positions are the least likely to be automated6. Thenext big thing We might be on the edge of an innovating moment in robotics and artificial intelligence. Although the past 30 years have reduced the middle, high- and low-skill jobs have actually increased, as if protected from the invading armies of robots by their own moats.Higher-skill workers have been protected by a kind ofsocial-intelligence moat. Computers are historically good at executing routines, but theyre bad at finding patterns,communicating with people, and making decisions,which is what managers are paid to do. This is whysome people think managersare, for the moment, one ofthe largest categories immune to the fast wave of AI. Meanwhile, lower-skill workers have beenprotected by the Moravec moat. Hans Moravec was a futurist who pointed out that machine technology copieda savant infant: Machines could do long math equations instantly and beat anybody in chess, but they cant answer a simple question or walk up a flight of stairs. Asa result, not skilled work done by people without much education (like home health care workers, or fast-foodattendants) have been saved, too. The human half In the 19th century, new manufacturing technology replaced what was then skilled labor. In thesecond half of the 20th century, however, software technology took the place of median-salaried office work.The first wave showed that machines are better at assembling things. The second showed that machinesare better at organizing things. Now data analytics andself-driving cars suggest they might be better at pattern recognition and driving. So what are we better at? The safest industries and jobs are dominated by managers4, health-care workers, and a super-category that includes education, media, and community service.One conclusion to draw from this is that humans are, and will always be, superior at working with, and caringfor other humans11. In this light, automation doesnt makethe world worse. Far from it: it creates new opportunitiesfor human creativity12. But robots are already creeping into diagnostics and surgeries. Schools are already experimenting with software that replaces teaching hours. The fact thatsome industries have been safe from automation for the last three decades3doesnt guarantee that theyll be safefor the next one. It would be anxious enough if we knew exactly which jobs are next in line for automation. The truth is scarier5. We dont really have a clue.2 (Adapted from http://www.businessinsider.com/robots-overtakingamerican-jobs-2014-1) Glossary: savant infant a child with great knowledge and ability to assemble to make something by joining separate parts to creep to move slowly, quietly and carefully According to paragraph 5, managers are

(AFA - 2015) TEXT I JOBS AT HIGH RISK It is an invisible force that goes by many names.Computerization. Automation. Artificial intelligence. Technology. Innovation. And, everyones favorite,ROBOTS. Whatever name you prefer, some form of it hasbeen stimulating progress and killing jobs from tailors to paralegals for centuries9. But this time is different:nearly half of American jobs today could be automated in a decade or two. The question is: which half? Another way of posing the same question is:Where do machines work better than people?7Tractors are more powerful than farmers8. Robotic arms are stronger and more tireless than assembly-line workers. But in the past 30 years, software and robots havesucceeded replacing aarticular kind of occupation: the average-wage, middle-skill, routine-heavy worker, especially in manufacturing and office administration. Indeed, its projected that the next wave ofcomputer progress1will continue to endanger humanwork where it already has: manufacturing, administrativesupport, retail, and transportation. Most remaining factory jobs are likely to diminish over the next decades. Cashiers, counter clerks, and telemarketers are similarly endangered. On the other hand, health care workers, people responsible for our safety10, and management positions are the least likely to be automated6. Thenext big thing We might be on the edge of an innovating moment in robotics and artificial intelligence. Although the past 30 years have reduced the middle, high- and low-skill jobs have actually increased, as if protected from the invading armies of robots by their own moats.Higher-skill workers have been protected by a kind ofsocial-intelligence moat. Computers are historically good at executing routines, but theyre bad at finding patterns,communicating with people, and making decisions,which is what managers are paid to do. This is whysome people think managersare, for the moment, one ofthe largest categories immune to the fast wave of AI. Meanwhile, lower-skill workers have beenprotected by the Moravec moat. Hans Moravec was a futurist who pointed out that machine technology copieda savant infant: Machines could do long math equations instantly and beat anybody in chess, but they cant answer a simple question or walk up a flight of stairs. Asa result, not skilled work done by people without much education (like home health care workers, or fast-foodattendants) have been saved, too. The human half In the 19th century, new manufacturing technology replaced what was then skilled labor. In thesecond half of the 20th century, however, software technology took the place of median-salaried office work.The first wave showed that machines are better at assembling things. The second showed that machinesare better at organizing things. Now data analytics andself-driving cars suggest they might be better at pattern recognition and driving. So what are we better at? The safest industries and jobs are dominated by managers4, health-care workers, and a super-category that includes education, media, and community service.One conclusion to draw from this is that humans are, and will always be, superior at working with, and caringfor other humans11. In this light, automation doesnt makethe world worse. Far from it: it creates new opportunitiesfor human creativity12. But robots are already creeping into diagnostics and surgeries. Schools are already experimenting with software that replaces teaching hours. The fact thatsome industries have been safe from automation for the last three decades3doesnt guarantee that theyll be safefor the next one. It would be anxious enough if we knew exactly which jobs are next in line for automation. The truth is scarier5. We dont really have a clue.2 (Adapted from http://www.businessinsider.com/robots-overtakingamerican-jobs-2014-1) Glossary: savant infant a child with great knowledge and ability to assemble to make something by joining separate parts to creep to move slowly, quietly and carefully Mark the option closest in meaning to We dont really have a clue (reference 2).

(AFA - 2015) TEXT I JOBS AT HIGH RISK It is an invisible force that goes by many names.Computerization. Automation. Artificial intelligence. Technology. Innovation. And, everyones favorite,ROBOTS. Whatever name you prefer, some form of it hasbeen stimulating progress and killing jobs from tailors to paralegals for centuries9. But this time is different:nearly half of American jobs today could be automated in a decade or two. The question is: which half? Another way of posing the same question is:Where do machines work better than people?7Tractors are more powerful than farmers8. Robotic arms are stronger and more tireless than assembly-line workers. But in the past 30 years, software and robots havesucceeded replacing aarticular kind of occupation: the average-wage, middle-skill, routine-heavy worker, especially in manufacturing and office administration. Indeed, its projected that the next wave ofcomputer progress1will continue to endanger humanwork where it already has: manufacturing, administrativesupport, retail, and transportation. Most remaining factory jobs are likely to diminish over the next decades. Cashiers, counter clerks, and telemarketers are similarly endangered. On the other hand, health care workers, people responsible for our safety10, and management positions are the least likely to be automated6. Thenext big thing We might be on the edge of an innovating moment in robotics and artificial intelligence. Although the past 30 years have reduced the middle, high- and low-skill jobs have actually increased, as if protected from the invading armies of robots by their own moats.Higher-skill workers have been protected by a kind ofsocial-intelligence moat. Computers are historically good at executing routines, but theyre bad at finding patterns,communicating with people, and making decisions,which is what managers are paid to do. This is whysome people think managersare, for the moment, one ofthe largest categories immune to the fast wave of AI. Meanwhile, lower-skill workers have beenprotected by the Moravec moat. Hans Moravec was a futurist who pointed out that machine technology copieda savant infant: Machines could do long math equations instantly and beat anybody in chess, but they cant answer a simple question or walk up a flight of stairs. Asa result, not skilled work done by people without much education (like home health care workers, or fast-foodattendants) have been saved, too. The human half In the 19th century, new manufacturing technology replaced what was then skilled labor. In thesecond half of the 20th century, however, software technology took the place of median-salaried office work.The first wave showed that machines are better at assembling things. The second showed that machinesare better at organizing things. Now data analytics andself-driving cars suggest they might be better at pattern recognition and driving. So what are we better at? The safest industries and jobs are dominated by managers4, health-care workers, and a super-category that includes education, media, and community service.One conclusion to draw from this is that humans are, and will always be, superior at working with, and caringfor other humans11. In this light, automation doesnt makethe world worse. Far from it: it creates new opportunitiesfor human creativity12. But robots are already creeping into diagnostics and surgeries. Schools are already experimenting with software that replaces teaching hours. The fact thatsome industries have been safe from automation for the last three decades3doesnt guarantee that theyll be safefor the next one. It would be anxious enough if we knew exactly which jobs are next in line for automation. The truth is scarier5. We dont really have a clue.2 (Adapted from http://www.businessinsider.com/robots-overtakingamerican-jobs-2014-1) Glossary: savant infant a child with great knowledge and ability to assemble to make something by joining separate parts to creep to move slowly, quietly and carefully In the sentence for the last three decades (reference 3), the underlined item was used in the same way as in