Questões de Inglês - FAMEMA | Gabarito e resoluções

(FAMEMA - 2021) The idea of comfort food sounds great in theory, but many of societys favourite feel-good foods lack ideal nutrients. This leaves eaters feeling cranky, not comforted. Some of the main dietary contributors to low or bad mood are too much sugar and too many starchy and refined carbohydrates, British nutritional therapist Claudia Smith told Huffington Post. If you eat too much of these foods, you can end up with blood sugar spikes and crashes, which can lead to symptoms such as low mood, irritability, brain fog, anxiety, fatigue and difficulty concentrating. Common comfort foods such as cookies or french fries activate reward triggers in our brains, Smith said. They give us something to look forward to or get excited about. Psychologist and well-being consultant Lee Chambers told Huffington Post that comfort foods do provide a hit of pleasureinducing dopamine, but that pleasure is fleeting. Emotional eating is a cyclical process where low mood leads to eating foods likely to spike your blood sugar, giving us a dose of dopamine, but then it drops at the same time as we start to feel guilty, Chambers told Huffington Post. This combination often makes us feel a lack of satisfaction, with feelings of guilt, shame and regret. Even worse? Comfort foods often lead to overeating. Over time, high consumption of highly palatable foods may actually lead to a reduced sensitivity of this brain reward response, Smith said. You may find yourself needing to eat more and more to experience the same effect. (Stephanie Vermillion. www.huffingtonpost.co.uk, 30.05.2020. Adaptado.) No trecho do terceiro pargrafo This combination often makes us feel a lack of satisfaction, o termo sublinhado pode ser substitudo, sem alterao de sentido, por

(FAMEMA - 2020) An increasing body of evidence suggests that the time we spend on our smartphones is interfering with our sleep, self-esteem, relationships, memory, attention spans, creativity, productivity and problem-solving and decision-making skills. But there is another reason for us to rethink our relationships with our devices. By chronically raising levels of cortisol, the bodys main stress hormone, our phones may be threatening our health and shortening our lives. If they happened only occasionally, phone-induced cortisol spikes might not matter. But the average American spends four hours a day staring at their smartphone and keeps it within arms reach nearly all the time, according to a tracking app called Moment. Your cortisol levels are elevated when your phone is in sight or nearby, or when you hear it or even think you hear it, says David Greenfield, professor of clinical psychiatry at the University of Connecticut School of Medicine and founder of the Center for Internet and Technology Addiction. Its a stress response, and it feels unpleasant, and the bodys natural response is to want to check the phone to make the stress go away. But while doing so might soothe you for a second, it probably will make things worse in the long run. Any time you check your phone, youre likely to find something else stressful waiting for you, leading to another spike in cortisol and another craving to check your phone to make your anxiety go away. This cycle, when continuously reinforced, leads to chronically elevated cortisol levels. And chronically elevated cortisol levels have been tied to an increased risk of serious health problems, including depression, obesity, metabolic syndrome, Type 2 diabetes, fertility issues, high blood pressure, heart attack, dementia and stroke. (Catherine Price. www.nytimes.com, 24.04.2019. Adaptado.) No trecho do ltimo pargrafo while doing so mightsootheyou for a second, o termo sublinhado equivale, em portugus, a

(FAMEMA - 2019) Fake news can distort peoples beliefs even after being debunked. A study recently published in the journal Intelligence suggests that some people may have an especially difficult time rejecting misinformation. Asked to rate a fictitious person on a range of character traits, people who scored low on a test of cognitive ability continued to be influenced by damaging information about the person even after they were explicitly told the information was false. The study is significant because it identifies what may be a major risk factor for vulnerability to fake news. One possible explanation for this finding is based on the theory that a persons cognitive ability reflects how well they can regulate the contents of working memory their mental workspace for processing information. First proposed by the cognitive psychologists Lynn Hasher and Rose Zacks, this theory holds that some people are more prone to mental clutter than other people. In other words, some people are less able to discard (or inhibit) information from their working memory that is no longer relevant to the task at hand, or information that has been discredited. Research on cognitive aging indicates that, in adulthood, this ability declines considerably with advancing age, suggesting that older adults may also be especially vulnerable to fake news. Another reason why cognitive ability may predict vulnerability to fake news is that it correlates highly with education. Through education, people may develop metacognitive skills strategies for monitoring and regulating ones own thinking that can be used to combat the effects of misinformation. (www.scientificamerican.com, 06.02.2018. Adaptado.) Considere o trecho do segundo pargrafo Research on cognitive aging indicates that, in adulthood, this ability declines considerably. O termo sublinhado empregado com o mesmo sentido em: