Questões de Inglês - PUC 2008 | Gabarito e resoluções

(PUC-Rio -2008) THE CLASH OF CIVILIZATIONS? Samuel P. Huntington 1World politics is entering a new phase, and 5intellectuals have not hesitated to proliferate visions of what it will be - the end of history, the return of traditional rivalries between nation states, and the decline of the nation state from the conflicting pulls of tribalism and globalism, among others. Each of these visions catches aspects of the emerging reality. Yet 4they all miss a crucial, indeed a central, aspect of what global politics is likely to be in the coming years. It is my hypothesis that the fundamental source of conflict in this new world will not be primarily ideological or primarily economic. The great divisions among humankind and the dominating source of conflict will be cultural. Nation states will remain the most powerful actors in world affairs, but the principal conflicts of global politics will occur between nations and groups of different civilizations. The clash of civilizations will dominate global politics. The fault lines between civilizations will be the battle lines of the future. Conflict between civilizations will be the latest phase in the evolution of conflict in the modern world. For a century and a half after the emergence of the modern international system with the Peace of Westphalia, the conflicts of the Western world were largely among princes-emperors, absolute monarchs and constitutional monarchs attempting to expand their bureaucracies, their armies, their mercantilist economic strength and, most important, the territory they ruled. In the process they created nation states, and beginning with the French Revolution the principal lines of 7conflict were between nations rather than princes. In 1793, as R. R. Palmer put 6it, 2The wars of kings were over; the wars of peoples had begun. This nineteenth-century pattern lasted until the end of World War I. Then, as a result of the 9Russian Revolution and the reaction against 8it, the conflict of nations yielded to the conflict of ideologies, first among communism, fascism-nazism and liberal democracy, and then between 11communism and liberal democracy. During the Cold War, 3this latter conflict became embodied in the struggle between the two superpowers, neither of 10which was a nation-state in the classical European sense and each of which defined its identity in terms of its ideology. These conflicts between princes, nation states and ideologies were primarily conflicts within Western civilization, Western civil wars, as William Lind has labeled them. This was as true of the Cold War as it was of the world wars and the 13earlier wars of the seventeenth, eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. With the end of the Cold War, international politics moves out of 12its Western phase, and its centerpiece becomes the interaction between the West and non-Western civilizations and among non-Western civilizations. In the politics of civilizations, the peoples and governments of non-Western civilizations no longer remain the objects of history as targets of Western colonialism but join the West as 14movers and shapers of history. From Foreign Affairs, Summer 1993. Mark the only correct statement.

(PUC-Rio -2008) YOUNG KEEP IT SIMPLE IN HIGH-TECH WORLD LONDON (Reuters) - 8While young people embrace the Web with real or virtual friends and their cell phone is never far away, 2relatively few like technology and those that do tend to be in Brazil, India and China, according to a survey. Only a 9handful think of technology as a concept, and just 16 percent use terms like social networking, said two combined surveys covering 8- to 24-year-olds published on July 24 by Microsoft and Viacom units MTV Networks and Nickelodeon. 1Young people dont see tech as a separate entity - 3its an organic part of their lives, said Andrew Davidson, vice president of MTVs VBS International Insight unit. 4Talking to them about 5the role of technology in their lifestyle would be like talking to kids in the 1980s about 6the role the park swing or the telephone played in their social lives - its invisible. The surveys involved 18,000 young people in 16 countries including the UK, U.S., China, Japan, Canada and Mexico. Terms most frequently used by the young when talking about technology related to 7accessing content for free, notably download and burn. The 10surveyors found the average Chinese computer user has 37 online friends they have never met, Indian youth are most likely to see cell phones as a status symbol, while one-in-three UK and U.S. teenagers say they cannot live without games consoles.The way each technology is adopted and adapted throughout the world depends as much on local cultural and social factors as on the technology itself, said Davidson. 14For example, the key digital device for Japans young is the cell phone 15because of the privacy and portability it offers those who live in small homes with limited privacy. According to the survey, Japanese children aged eight to 14 have only one online friend they have not met, compared to a global average of five. Some 93 percent of Chinese computer users aged 8-14 have more than one friend online they have never met. In Davidsons view this was encouraging those aged 8-14 in China to select online over television - a 11trend not seen in any other market in that age group. The changes in how the youth market engages with technology are 12keenly followed by advertisers and content firms. Traditional youth marketing considered opinion formers and influencers to be a small elite, but these days the elite has become much larger, said the VBSs vice president. 16For parents 13worried about what their children are getting up to amid the wave of gadgets, little has changed in a generation. The surveyors found the most popular activities the under-14s enjoy were watching TV, listening to music and being with friends. 17The rankings for those older was similar although listening to music was top. http://www.reuters.com/article/technolo yNews/ idUSL236796320070724 July 24, 2007 Check the only option in which the pronoun in capital letters DOES NOT refer to the words young people.

(PUC-PR -2008) Find the correct use of the Present Perfect Tense: 1) Ive answered all the questions. 2) He has stayed in that position for half an hour. 3) Janes writen a book. 4) The writer has written a new book last year. 5) Lice has been a problem to mankind for years. 6) Some thieves have robbed the bank a week ago. 7) My men has slept for five hours. Choose the right alternative:

(PUC-Rio -2008) IPODS GROOVY FACTOR With more than 90 million players sold 9worldwide since its introduction in 2001, the iPod has given rise to a lucrative accessories industry. 1At least 3,000 types of iPod extras have received Apples blessing - mostly 2no-nonsense options like cases, earbuds and amplified speaker systems, including the $300 SoundDock line made by Bose. But another trend is developing, 3one more 10playful and not always with Apples consent or knowledge, Call 4it iSilly, a growing number of products in which fun is emphasized over function. All of these items, some costing as little as $10, have been created to plug into an iPod - or, in many cases, any audio source 5that has a standard 3.5-millimeter headphone jack. Last fall, KNG America released an animated robotic D.J. complete with spinning turntables and stereo speakers that flash with blue L.E.D. lights. Called FUNKit, the 11device, 6which costs about $100, is designed specifically for the iPod. When a player is attached, it becomes the head and upper body of the D.J. that rocks to the music, shouting phrases like drop the beat, as 7its right arm scratches a faux record. 8People looked and saw the popularity of the iPod and tried to figure out how to capitalize on it, like those scavenger fish that swim under sharks, said Shelly Hirsch, a toy industry marketing specialist and chief executive of the Beacon Media Group. Greg Joswiak, vice president of iPod product marketing for Apple, said the 12growing number of products designed to plug into an iPod helps prove that the iPod has become a cultural phenomenon. If you look at it from the consumers standpoint, they have a consumer electronic product that becomes more valuable over time. Were adding these accessories, adding capabilities, he said. Any speaker accessory that attaches to the iPod by way of the proprietary 30-pin connector in the players base must be licensed by Apple, he noted. Those that do, including the FUNKit, can usually also permit full control of the iPod through the speaker systems and charge iPods batteries. Those that do not, and are not counted as official iPod accessories, are less interesting, Mr. Joswiak said. 14That judgment has not 13dissuaded toymakers like Lee Schneider, president of the Commonwealth Toy Novelty Company, a major maker of plush animals and dolls. We look at not only the toy business, but whats happening in the world, and the trends in the marketplace, from a fashion standpoint, from a technological standpoint, said Mr. Schneider, surrounded by shelves of 15battery-powered flora and fauna in his companys Manhattan showroom. We then take and see how we can interpret these trends into fun trends that children and young adults would love to have. [...] By Michel Marriott The New York Times, February 2007 Mark the correct option concerning reference.

(PUC-Rio -2008) TEXTO PARA A PRXIMA QUESTO: THE LEGEND OF THE CRYSTAL SKULLS The truth behind Indiana Joness latest quest Jane MacLaren Walsh* Sixteen years ago, a heavy package addressed to the nonexistent Smithsonian Institution Curator, Mesoamerican Museum, Washington, D.C. was delivered to the National Museum of American History. It was accompanied by an unsigned letter stating: This Aztec crystal skull, purported to be part of the Porfirio Daz 3collection, was purchased in Mexico in 1960. I am offering 2it to the Smithsonian without consideration. Richard Ahlborn, then curator of the Hispanic-American collections, knew of my expertise in Mexican archaeology and called me to ask whether I knew anything about the object - an eerie, milky white crystal skull 14considerably larger than a human head. I told him I knew of a life-sized crystal skull on display at the British Museum, and had seen a smaller version the Smithsonian had 15once exhibited as a fake. After we spent a few minutes puzzling over the meaning and significance of this unusual artifact, he asked whether the department of anthropology would be interested in accepting it for the national collections. I said yes without hesitation. 1If the skull turned out to be a genuine pre-Columbian Mesoamerican artifact, 13such a rare object should definitely become part of the national collections. I couldnt have imagined then that this 16unsolicited donation would open an entirely new avenue of research for me. In the years since the package arrived, my investigation of this single skull has led me to research the history of pre-Columbian collections in museums around the world, and I have collaborated with a 17broad range of international scientists and museum curators who have also crossed paths with crystal skulls. Studying these artifacts has prompted new research into pre-Columbian lapidary (or stone working) technology, particularly the carving of hard stones like jadeite and quartz. Crystal skulls have undergone serious scholarly scrutiny, but they also excite the popular imagination because they seem so mysterious. Theories about their origins abound. Some believe the skulls are the handiwork of the 5Maya or Aztecs, but 4they have also become the subject of constant discussion on occult websites. Some insist that they originated on a sunken continent or in a far-away galaxy. And now they are poised to become archaeological superstars thanks to our celluloid colleague Indiana Jones, who will tackle the subject of our research in Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull. Details about the movies plot are being closely guarded by the films producers as I write this, but the Internet rumor mill has it that the crystal skull of the title is the creation of aliens. Although nearly all of the crystal skulls have at times been identified as Aztec, Toltec, Mixtec, or occasionally Maya, they do not reflect the artistic or stylistic characteristics of any of these cultures. [...] I believe that all of the smaller crystal skulls that constitute the first generation of fakes were made in Mexico around the time they were sold, between 1856 and 1880. [...] British Museum scientist Margaret Sax and I examined the British Museum and Smithsonian 7skulls under light and scanning electron microscope and conclusively determined that they were carved with relatively modern lapidary equipment, 6which were unavailable to pre-Columbian Mesoamerican carvers. So why have crystal 9skulls had such a long and successful run, and why do some museums continue to exhibit 8them, despite their 18lack of archaeological context and obvious iconographic, stylistic, and technical problems? 12Though the British Museum exhibits its skulls as examples of 11fakes, 10others still offer them up as the genuine article. Mexicos national museum, for example, identifies its skulls as the work of Aztec and Mixtec artisans. Perhaps it is because, like the Indiana Jones movies, these macabre objects are reliable crowd-pleasers. [...] From: Archaeology. Volume 61, Number 3, May/June 2008 *Jane MacLaren Walsh is an anthropologist at the Smithsonians National Museum of Natural History. In If the skull turned out to be a genuine pre-Columbian artifact (ref. 1), turned out could be replaced by