Questões de Inglês - UNIFESP | Gabarito e resoluções

(UNIFESP - 2012) Longevity: Habits May Extend Life Only So Much By Nicholas Bakalar August 8, 2011 The eating, drinking and exercise habits of extremely old but healthy people differ little from those of the rest of us, a new study has found. Gerontologists at the Albert Einstein College of Medicine recruited 477 Ashkenazi Jews ages 95 to 112 who were living independently. The researchers took blood samples, did physical examinations and obtained detailed personal and medical histories from each participant. Then they compared them with 1,374 non-Hispanic white adults, ages 65 to 74, from the general population. For both men and women, consumption of alcohol, amount of physical activity and the percentage of people on low-calorie or low-salt diets were almost identical in the two groups. Long-lived men were less likely to be obese than their younger counterparts, although no less likely to be overweight. The oldest women were more likely to be overweight and less likely to be obese. More men among the oldest were nonsmokers, but smoking habits were not significantly different among the women. ____1_____ that it all depends on genes, and we might as well eat, drink and be merry? No, according to the senior author, Dr. Nir Barzilai, director of the Institute for Aging Research at Albert Einstein College of Medicine. For most of us who ___2____ genes for longevity, he said, if you follow the healthy lifestyle the medical community has put forth, you are ____3_____ to live past 80. The study was published online last week in The Journal of the American Geriatrics Society. (www.nytimes.com. Adaptado.) Assinale a alternativa que completa corretamente a lacuna 1 do texto:

(UNIFESP - 2009) DO PEOPLE ONLY USE 10 PERCENT OF THEIR BRAINS? By Robynne Boyd The human brain is complex. Along with performing millions of mundane acts, it composes concertos, issues manifestos and comes up with elegant solutions to equations. Its the wellspring of all human feelings, behaviors, experiences as well as the repository of memory and self-awareness. So its no surprise that the brain remains a mystery unto itself. Adding to that mystery is the contention that humans only employ 10 percent of their brain. If only regular folk could tap that other 90 percent, they too could become savants who remember to the twenty thousandth decimal place or perhaps even have telekinetic powers. Though an alluring idea, the 10 percent myth is so wrong it is almost laughable, says neurologist Barry Gordon at Johns Hopkins School of Medicine in Baltimore. Although theres no definitive culprit to pin the blame on for starting this legend, the notion has been linked to the American psychologist and author William James, who argued in The Energies of Men that We are making use of only a small part of our possible mental and physical resources. Its also been associated with Albert Einstein, who supposedly used it to explain his cosmic towering intellect. The myths durability, Gordon says, stems from peoples conceptions about their own brains: they see their own shortcomings as evidence of the existence of untapped gray matter. This is a false assumption. What is correct, however, is that at certain moments in anyones life, such as when we are simply at rest and thinking, we may be using only 10 percent of our brains. It turns out though, that we use virtually every part of the brain, and that most of the brain is active almost all the time, Gordon adds. Lets put it this way: the brain represents three percent of the bodys weight and uses 20 percent of the bodys energy. Although its true that at any given moment all of the brains regions are not concurrently firing, brain researchers using imaging technology have shown that, like the bodys muscles, most are continually active over a 24-hour period. (www.sciam.com/article. February 7, 2008. Adaptado.) No trecho do terceiro pargrafo - Its also been associated with Albert Einstein, who supposedly used it to explain his cosmic towering intellect. -, a letra S em ITS indica a forma verbal:

(UNIFESP - 2008) Tracing the Cigarettes Path From Sexy to Deadly By Howard Markel, MD In contrast to the symbol of death and disease it is today, from the early 1900s to the 1960s the cigarette was a cultural icon of sophistication, glamour and sexual allure a highly prized commodity for one out of two Americans. Many advertising campaigns from the 1930s through the 1950s extolled the healthy virtues of cigarettes. Fullcolor magazine ads depicted kindly doctors clad in white coats proudly lighting up or puffing away, with slogans like More doctors smoke Camels than any other cigarette. Early in the 20th century, opposition to cigarettes took a moral rather than a health-conscious tone, especially for women who wanted to smoke, although even then many doctors were concerned that smoking was a health risk. The 1930s were a period when many Americans began smoking and the most significant health effects had not yet developed. As a result, the scientific studies of the era often failed to find clear evidence of serious pathology and had the perverse effect of exonerating the cigarette. The years after World War II, however, were a time of major breakthroughs in epidemiological thought. In 1947, Richard Doll and A. Bradford Hill of the British Medical Research Council created a sophisticated statistical technique to document the association between rising rates of lung cancer and increasing numbers of smokers. The prominent surgeon Evarts A. Graham and a medical student, Ernst L. Wynder, published a landmark article in 1950 comparing the incidence of lung cancer in their nonsmoking and smoking patients at Barnes Hospital in St. Louis. They concluded that cigarette smoking, over a long period, is at least one important factor in the striking increase in bronchogenic cancer. Predictably, the tobacco companies derided these and other studies as mere statistical arguments or anecdotes rather than definitions of causality. In the 1980s, scientists established the revolutionary concept that nicotine is extremely addictive. The tobacco companies publicly rejected such claims, even as they took advantage of cigarettes addictive potential by routinely spiking them with extra nicotine to make it harder to quit smoking. And their marketing memorandums document advertising campaigns aimed at youngsters to hook whole new generations of smokers. (www.nytimes.com/2007/03/20/health. Adaptado.) No trecho do ltimo pargrafo do texto And their marketing memorandums document advertising campaigns aimed at youngsters to hook whole new generations of smokers. a palavra to indica

(UNIFESP -2007) BRAZIL PROPOSES FUND TO STEM RAINFOREST CUTTING By Andrea Welsh, 31 Aug 2006 SO PAULO, Brazil - Brazil proposed on Thursday a fund to compensate developing countries that slow the destruction of their rainforests, a move that could help lower emissions of gases blamed for rising world temperatures. The Brazilian initiative, presented at a planning meeting for upcoming global climate talks in Rome, calls for creating a fund that countries could tap into if they could prove they had brought deforestation below rates of the 1990s. Once again Brazil is acting as a protagonist ... in presenting an innovative proposal, Environment Minister Marina Silva told Reuters at a conference in So Paulo. Disagreements over how to address deforestation have hurt global efforts to cap emissions of greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide and create markets for trading in carbon and credits. Most emissions come from burning oil and coal, but deforestation is responsible for about 20 percent because trees store carbon dioxide when they grow and release it into the atmosphere when they die. Global agreements allow credit for planting trees where forests have already been cleared but offer no incentives for preventing cutting in areas like Brazils Amazon, home to nearly a third of all species and a quarter of the earths fresh water. Critics say developing countries want cash for preserving their forests. Brazil has long objected to granting tradable emission credits for preserving forests because heavy oil and coal users like the United States might buy up credits instead of reducing their own emissions. Silva said Brazils proposal was a draft but it should serve as the basis for discussion at the next round of global climate talks in November. She also said Brazil is working with Papua New Guinea and Costa Rica, who backed an earlier proposal to grant tradable credits to countries that reduce deforestation rates. (www.alertnet.org/thenews/newsdesk/N31355372.htm. Adaptado.) No trecho do terceiro pargrafo ...United States might buy up credits instead of reducing their own emissions. a expresso INSTEAD OF indica